Thermal management and cooling techniques

Thermal design for DC/DC converters is a critical aspect of ensuring the reliability and longevity of power electronics systems. DC/DC converters generate heat due to switching and conduction power losses in the components (such as semiconductors, inductors, and capacitors) during the power conversion process.

Effective thermal management is necessary to prevent overheating, which can degrade the performance of the converter and cause component failure.

Thermal management

To manage the heat generated in DC/DC converters, several techniques are used, including:

• Forced air cooling using heatsinks: Adding heat sinks to power components, especially the power transistors, can greatly improve thermal dissipation. The heatsink's surface area and thermal conductivity are key factors, alongside the rate of flow of cooling air.
• Direct to Chip liquid cooling: Liquid cooling systems typically involve circulating a coolant (water or a dielectric fluid) through a closed-loop system that removes heat from the DC/DC converter and dissipates it in a radiator or heat exchanger.
• Immersive cooling: This is an advanced thermal management technology used to cool electronic components by submerging them directly in a specially designed coolant or dielectric fluid e.g., 3M's Novec or Fluorinert. These fluids do not conduct electricity but are highly effective at transferring heat. There are two main forms of immersive cooling – single phase, where the cooling fluid maintains its liquid state, and two phase, where the liquid boils and changes state to a gas before condensing back to a liquid.